He is the brother of the painter-pastellist Pierre Carrier-Belleuse and the son of the renowned sculptor Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse, of whom he was a student. At the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, he studied with Gustave Boulanger and Alexandre Cabanel.

He received a prize for a painting at the 1881 Salon and a prize for a sculpture at the 1889 Salon. Louis-Robert Carrier-Belleuse worked at the Manufacture de Sèvres with his father who had been the artistic director since 1875. In 1877, he trained in ceramics with Théodore Deck and participated in the Sèvres competition in 1882. He designed models for the Faïencerie de Choisy-le-Roi and became its artistic director in 1889.